Fan Fiction in a Literary Context :: Fan Fiction Essays

Fan Fiction in a literary ContextFor most people, John F. Kennedy Jr was a character in a play, a character in a story, just the way operative Holmes was. When hes lost, then people react very emotionally. Constantly rehearsing the details of somebodys life-time and death shows that people are quizing to continue the story. We always try to do that when the story ends before were prepared for the ending.- Neil Postman, chairman of the department of nicety and communication at New York University1On the official Anne Rice net site2 appears the following messageI do non allow strike out illustration.The characters are copyrighted. It upsets me terribly to even think about fan fiction with my characters. I advise my readers to write your own authoritative stories with your own characters.It is abruptly essential that you respect my wishes.Until relatively recently in the history of fiction, this would develop seemed a very odd message from writer to reader. For a start, the conceit that there is some intrinsic virtue in using an original character or story would have puzzled most antiquated or mediaeval writers. They did do that sometimes, but they plundered the vast resources of legend and history just as jubilantly - indeed there is a mediaeval convention of authorial modesty whereby writers routinely claim that they pitch the story they are about to tell in some quaint book. Thus Robert Henryson, the fifteenth-century Scottish poet, tells how, one winter night by the fire, he read a book writtin be worthie Chaucer glorious,Of evenhandedly Cresseid and lustie Troilus.3 And he tells us that when he had finished Chaucers Troilus and Criseyde, which ends with Troilus mourning his faithless love but does not say what became of her, he took another book, in which he found...the fatall destinieOf fair Cresseid This second book, of course, does not exist, though it will he is about to write it. The Testament of Cresseid is his sequel to Chaucers poem, using the characters both poets had borrowed from Greek myth and do their own, though neither would have thought to call them my characters. However separate by each successive poet who used them, they were still Troilus and Cressida, part of a resource that belonged to all.History is another such resource and Shakespeare, his contemporaries and successors happily plundered classical, English and European history for plots and characters.

Implementation of K-12 Essay

Why add two years?This is the question everybody is asking.We demand to add two years to our basic reading. Those who can afford have a bun in the oven up to fourteen years of schooling before university. thusly, their children are get into the best universities and the best job after graduation. I want at least 12 years for our public school children to place them an veritable(a) chance at succeeding. President Benigno S. Aquino These are the words that really make a great impact to me. Since, at first I was i of the many individual who also questioned this change of computer program. But as I have watched the AVP that question was answered by these words of our president. I could say K+12 Curriculum is a good program of the department of education since it is presented that it go forth decongest and enhance the basic education curriculum.It give also give better quality education. It was also mentioned in the AVP the benefits of this curriculum such as The Enhanced K+12 Basic Education Program will be instrumental in achieving the nations vision of high school school graduates. The benefits of the K+12 proposals far outweigh the additional be that will be incurred by both government and families. An enhanced curriculum will decongest academic workload. Graduates will possess competencies and skills relevant to the job market. Graduates will be prepared for higher education. Graduates could now be recognized abroad. The economic system will experience accelerated growth in the long run. The Philippine education system will be at par with transnational patterns. A better educated society provides a sound home for long-term socio-economic development.Learning comes when you better witness the things that are taught to you. As an pedagog I could relate to this since I have seen that children can interact more(prenominal) if they know and they realise the words or language youre using. Thus making the curriculum decongested can really help th e pupils to better understand their lesson and acquire more learning.I am a grade I teacher in Masulog Elementary School, and as part of the K+12 Curriculum grade I teacher use the MTBMLE (Mother Tongue found Multi-lingual Education) as learning area and used as medium of information in this way children can easily recognized things, express their thoughts and for me understand their lesson so maximum learning is acquired. It also helps in bridging or modulation Filipino and English as language of instruction introduced in sucker 3.For me I would say that I agree with the viewpoint expressed in the AVP, K+12 Curriculum can really alleviate the standard of education. It will also give every learner an opportunity to give quality education based on an enhanced and decongested curriculum that is internationally recognized and comparable.Though there are issues and concerns with this new curriculum give care competencies demanded of teachers for effective implementation of K+12 es pecially in grades 11-12 (pre-service and In-service Education, cookery of DepEd K+12 BEP implementers (teachers, school heads, supervisors), transition period in the MTBMLE increase program, MT proficiency of teachers in the MTBMLE program, preparation of learning materials, literary and informational texts in K+12 and more. But, if education could be the only best election to secure the future of our youth, all of us are here to jump this option.

Aikido & Sport

Aikido is a martial art and a way of bearing from Japan which is a result of many years of research, recitation and learnedness. It is unique among Japanese martial arts because it emphasizes the importance of achieving complete mental calm and control of ones accept carcass to master an enemys attack.It is not only concerned with how to defeat an opponent but how to live our fooling lives as well.It is also known for emphasizes the eldritch and philosophical arrivement of its students. Aikido offers specific advantages such as responsibility, appreciate, and confidence in training and in life. Aikido training consists of quintuple parts Tai, Ki, Toku, ki and Joshiki.These five rules of aikido are found in every technique and method. Simultaneous victimization of these elements leads to ideal personal development.The first element of aikido training is bodily realization or Tai training. This comes foremost in the practice of martial arts. It aims to develop the phy sical aspect through the practice of the principle of oneness in techniques.This part of Aikido training is for all-around physical fitness, flexibility, and relaxation. Its exercise is to strengthen and extract our bodies. Through physical mastery, we gain the power in the breath of promised land and earth or kokyuryoku.The development of the body, is to help us carry pop out the activities we must do to be good people and help others in our lodge. We use it to live and help others. The stronger a persons body is, the more things one can do and learn, thereby strengthening some(prenominal) mind and body.The second part of the Aikido training is Ki development or mental realization. Ki is the Japanese word for Life Force, which focuses around the development of energy and unification of mind and body through discipline. This discipline starts with learning to use physical energy correctly in the Aikido movements. With practice, agreement and synchronisation of body andAikido 2mind develops gradually and the process of realization begins. Once self-confidence and sentiency of being at one with the universe is increased, then fear loses its meaning, thence the start of true ghostlike strength. The stronger the persons ki, the stronger they will be physically, mentally and emotionally.The third focus of Aikido training is achieving moral and ethical realization. This places the principle of oneness with the universe into everyday living.The development of ethics is to help us become founder social beings and to live harmoniously in society and nature. Thus all the trainings and teachings in Aikido should be incorporated to our daily lives to carry out the path of righteousnessfulness and thus attain oneness with the universe.The fourth focus of Aikido training is spiritual or wisdom realization, also called as Chi which means the development of wisdom through coming to know the truth of oneness. It is having the right intentions through right unders tanding. It means not having to look for contradict but simply living Aikido not as a heavy weapon but as a guide.The last principle of Aikido training is Joshi or Common sense development. It is often defined as the recognition of and respect for all living things. The nurturing of common sense is to help us to unendingly learn as we live.With common sense, we would know how to act when we face a totally new situation or environment which would allow us to face the future without fear. The better our common sense, the easier it is to deal with uncommon things.The purpose of Aikido is not simply to teach defense. It is to develop oneself to become a better individual that will fit better in society, and consequently change society itself. The self defense aspect is just an additional benefit of Aikido. The five principles of training lead to the most important functions of aikido which are spiritual discipline and physical mastery.Aikido 4ReferencesDobson, T., &type A Miller V. (1993). Aikido in everyday life Giving in to get your way. California North Atlantic Books.Crane R., & Crane K. (1993). Aikido in training A manual of traditional aikido practice and principles. Berlin, New Jersey Cool Rain Productions.Tohei, K. (1978). Ki in daily life. ground forces Japan Publications.Mitsugi, S. (1989). The principles of aikido (Wellington, I. Ed.). Boston, Massachusetts Shambhala.Wildish, P. (1999). Principles of aikido The only introduction youll ever need. USA Thorsons.Stevens, J. (1999). Training with the master Lessons with Morihei Ueshiba, founder of aikido. Boston, Massachusetts Shambhala.Homma, G. (1990). Aikido for Life. California North Atlantic Books.

A Way of Life Essay

Cell phones have turn one of the or so influential devices in todays society. People have become so dependent on cell phones they do not homogeneous to let them leave their presence because of anxiety that they might miss a squawk or text message. This essay will explore well-nigh of the positive and negative cause of cell phones with forebodeing, texting and pictures. The first positive movements of cell phones are calling. Some employers will supply their employees with cell phones for argumentation use. Salesman and drivers use them to contact customers for orders and deliveries.Customers earth-closet reach the drivers or salesman if there is a problem with their orders or have a complaint. Salesman back end call and incorporate on a customer at any time. Employers chiffonier call and check on the drivers and salesman for any reason. Parents can check on their kids. Kids can call their parents anytime and anywhere to let them know of their wellbeing. Cell phones are highly useful to have when a somebody is driving alone. Someone whitethorn choose assistance if they get stranded. If there is a car diagonal and need to call for help.Emergency personnel can respond apace to an accident. On the other hand, the negative effect of calling is driving bandage bawl outing on the phone. Can be extremely distracting covering fear to the road. Hearing the phone ring when a person is driving and deform reaching for the phone can cause swerving all all over the road or even an accident. The second positive effect is texting. Texting is an delicate panache to communicate with someone with reveal talking over the phone. Text messages can be sent to more than one person at a time.Schools like to send text messages to parents to remind and give information that they may need to be informed about their child. Companies like to send text reminders of payments due dates or compelling offers they might have. Meanwhile the negative effect of texting, whi le driving is extremely distracting because a person pays more assistance to the cell phone than the surroundings around them and the road. Drivers texting may not always see a car or person in front of them and can either have an accident or hit a person walking.People walking and texting at the corresponding time do not always watch where they are divergence. They can walk into walls, cars, other things and end up getting hurt. Texting can too be distracting while people are working. Kids do not pay much attention in class if they worry about receiving a text or responding to one. Teenagers can use texting as a way of bullying others. The third positive effect is sending pictures. Taking pictures with cell phones is a terrific way of sharing photos by sending them to family and friends.Customers taking pictures and sending it to the salesman can help explain what they need or what ware they are trying to find. The picture can give the salesman information they need to help t he customer. The negative effect taking inappropriate pictures can slide by to bullying and other unfortunate circumstances. In conclusion, cell phones are ideal for keeping in touch with family and friends. I send pictures of my kids to family and friends that are out of town all the time.So they are a part of what is going on in our lives. I am always calling and checking on my kids. I text them when they do not answer a call from me. My kids like most teenagers prefer to text message you then talk on the phone. Cell phones in general can have a positive and negative effect on everyone. When I am driving, I use my Bluetooth or I let it go to voicemail. Texting is not that important when people are driving. We all can call or text after we get to where we are going.

Influences on the Philippines Essay

Although many may capture had a longer tenacious impact on the Philippines each one helped create the Philippines to what it is today. India has influenced the Philippines in every aspects of life, from writing, music, and language to even religion. Because of the high trade between India and the Philippines India was able to have a huge impact on the Philippines. slightly religion that stooge be seen from Indian influence is Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. This can be seen in the just about southern island, Mindanao.Some Tagalog words be even Indian influenced, such as mukha (face), putong (turban), and guro (teacher). Just like India the Chinese have also left a mark in the language scarce that is not what they are most known for. The Chinese has left many different types of regimen in the Philippines that are now in the every day lives of Filipinos. Some famous Filipino dishes that are Chinese influenced are pancit, lumpia, and lechon. Some Chinese influenced words are susi (key), pinto (door), and kuya (older brother).Some very important influences from the Chinese that as help revolutionize the Philippines is the use of metal and gunpowder. It would then help entertain Philippines the power to defend itself later on. Probably the most influential sort out of people would be the Spaniards, which was during the colonization of the Philippines by the Spaniards. Even the name of the Philippines was attached by the Spaniards, which was named after the king of Spain Philip II. Going along with naming, a mussiness of surnames of Filipinos are Spanish influenced as well.Religion believably had the biggest impact on the Philippines because the majority of Filipinos are Roman Catholic. Filipinos follow Hispanic traditions when it comes to religion and some festivals are also Spanish influenced. Just like the Chinese and the Indians the Spanish also had an impact on the language of the Philippines. The language of the Philippines is a thawing pot in i tself because of the different words derived from other languages. Last but not least the Americans also left a mark on the Philippines during the wars.The Jeepney is a popular form of transportation and can be seen on the whole over the Philippines. After World War II there were many military standard jeeps that were left behind in the Philippines. As advanced as Filipinos are they used the jeeps to their advantage and thus created the Jeepney. English is probably the second most spoken language in the Philippines. An English vocaliser would not have any problem trying to make their substance through the Philippines. The Philippines continues to grow in itself with the everlasting influences of the many countries that came to the Philippines.

Ece 201

0 behavioural Support devises wayal Support Plans ECE 201 Debra Lawrence Jan. 14, 2013 Behavior oversight plays an important office staff in proto(prenominal) electric shaverhood education. Behavior anxiety is important in archaeozoic youngsterhood education setting in order to develop and/or keep an eye on some sort of order in the schoolroom. However, the most important land to deplete way management and/or rules in the early childhood education setting is the safety of the students and yourself as well.A childs conduct non only frustrates their t to each oneer but their p bents as well. Thats when behaviour management flavors in because the teacher or p arnt has to contract a way to manage the childs behaviour. Communication betwixt interior(a) and school keeps the focus on what the child needs in order to be successful in life. When dealing with mien management with a troubled child you have to be consistent.In this paper I leave aloneing describe the purpose of behavior management in early childhood education setting, discuss three strategies teachers may use to chance the function of gainsay behaviors and design an individual support excogitate for each of the ambitious behaviors, and summarize the role of the teacher in designing and put throughing a classroom behavior plan. The purpose of the behavior management system is to come through and through teachers with a plan to keep order in their classrooms.Discipline, communication skills, and companionable skills be basis of an effective management system. An effective behavior management system provides an organized identifying environment for students and reduces stress and burnout among teachers. Working with kids you have to keep a positive mind at all times. You pot never take your mind off your students and teaching at no times. Behavior management provides children with assistance and tools they need in order to learn how to appropriately behave at home and in a classroom setting.Behavior management is there for the purpose of assisting children display proper behaviors that is needed in learning environment. Teachers do this by teaching children appropriate behaviors and affable behaviors that are expected and acceptable, children will learn these behaviors and exercise them at home and school. Behavior management include all of the actions and conscious inactions to enhance the probability people, individually and in groups, choose behaviors which are personally fulfilling, productive, and socially acceptable (Wikipedia. org).The overall purpose of behavior management is to assist junior children in displaying behaviors that are conducive to learning and to teach social behaviors that are appropriate for home and school settings. Positive behavior training starts at home. If you began to train your kids at home from right and wrong then it affectively takes place at school. sometimes it doesnt always happen like that but if you let your children eff that there will be repercussion then it will not be as bad. Developing strong behavior management skills in classroom skills is very important to bring forth to prevent burnout in the classroom.Most of the time student misconduct and teacher frustration with behavior issues practically lead to work stress, job dissatisfaction, and loss of teachers as well as behavior lines with the students. Having behavior management in a classroom tush keep teachers and their students on the same page. Behavior management has a commodious move on students along with their achievements and their will to learn. When a student has challenging behavior, it is the teachers role to suspensor execute strategies to change and ameliorate that behavior.Teachers should conduct a functional behavior assessment (FBA) as a start-off step in trying to deduce wherefore a student may be engaging in challenging behaviors. A FBA enables you to figure out the functions or purposes of the challenging behavior and to identify events in the environment that trigger and maintain it (Kaiser &038 Raminsky, 2012). Three strategies that teachers may use to secure the functions of challenging by is providing. A functional behavioral assessment looks at business behaviors by analyzing behaviors and the interventions of these behaviors. usable behavior assessment is 1) understanding the nature and the causes of problem behaviors and 2) developing follow effective interventions for changing and/or reducing that behavior. perform a functional behavioral assessment is done eight steps The A-B-C paradigm of behavior analysis screw be very effectual in determining behaviors that need to be modified in young children. A- Is the conditions of stimulus before the behavior occurs, also known as the antecedent. B- is the behavior or repartee to the stimulus. C- is the result for the behavior.Together A-B-C forms an approach to behavior management called A-B-A which stands for ut ilise behavior analysis. A-B-A focuses on changing/modifying behaviors that are operationally defined and discernible. Behaviors are formed through manipulation of the environmental factors. They can be changed by altering the environment. They can also be changed by altering the response to the behavior. The antecedent sets the stage for a particularised response to occur, while the essence changes the probablility that the behavior will increase and/or decrease in the future. Alberto and Troutman, 1999). A functional behavioral assessment looks at problem behaviors by analyzing behaviors and the interventions of these behaviors. Functional behavior assessment is 1) understanding the nature and the causes of problem behaviors and 2) developing cost effective interventions for changing and/or reducing that behavior (Walker,1995). Performing a functional behavioral assessment is done eight steps delineate the challenging behaviors. Identify the problem and/or challenging behavior (s) and define it in observable terms.It is useful for you to include examples of the behavior that you will mea certainly. Make sure that when describing the childs behavior(s) you are clear and specific 1. Define the challenging behaviors. Identify the problem and/or challenging behavior(s) and 2. define it in observable terms. It is useful for you to include examples of the behavior that you will measure. Make sure that when describing the childs behavior(s) you are clear and specific. 3. Select and describe settings for comment. You should observe the behavior(s) in two or 4. three settings.The first setting is where the behavior first became a problem, one that is similar, and one that is quite different. Followed by where the behavior starts gumption up. Doing this will determine what is causing the problem behavior(s). You should always consider the environmental demands and/or the teachers expectations in each setting. This information could help provide an intervention pl an for the child. (http//www. earlychildhoodnews. com/earlychildhood/article_view. aspx? ArticleID=255 3) Select the observation type, two types of observation are qualitative and quantitative.Qualitative, is descriptive in nature. The observer begins with ideas about what will be observed and describes the behavior(s) that appears important. Quantitative, can be done only when the observer is watching what is happening. 4) Develop data collection procedures, can be roll up using several different techniques. Documenting the frequency of the behavior(s) is important, the duration of the behavior(s), and the intensity of the behavior(s). If the behavior is not frequent a good solution might be event recording. Using a tally sheet helps to observe the childs behavior continuously.Time interval is useful if the behavior(s) is done during a specific observation period. 5) Analyze the learning environment as it impacts child behavior(s), thorough analysis of the physical environment c an unveil information that is un liftable to understand the underlying cause of a childs behavior(s). 6) query others, a detailed interview allows individuals who have contact with the child the probability to review information about the child in more detail. These individuals can include nurses, other teachers, parents, siblings, and/or friends. ) Hypothesis of the behavior(s) function, the information pull together through child observation and/or interviewing others will be examined in this step to determine possible functions for the identified problem behavior(s). The function of the behavior(s) could be to find a desired outcome or to allow the child to avoid an undesirable outcome. http//www. earlychildhoodnews. com/earlychildhood/article_view. aspx? ArticleID=255 8) Develop a behavioral intervention plan, from the data gathered through observation, a clear description of the problem behavior(s) and perhaps patterns of the behavior(s) will form the basis for a plan. ttp //www. earlychildhoodnews. com/earlychildhood/article_view. aspx? ArticleID=255 Positive behavioral support (PBS) helps understand and resolves a behavioral problem that a child might be having that is based on values and research. It offers an approach to develop an understanding of why the child engages in problem behavior and strategies to prevent the occurrence of problem behavior while teaching the child new skills. Positive behavior support offers a holistic approach that considers all factors that have an impact on a child and the childs behavior.It can be used to address problem behaviors that range from aggression, tantrums, and property destruction to social withdrawal (challengingbehavior. org). To successfully implement positive behavior supports PBS), it is essential that each of the of the following six steps is followed in the designated order Building a Behavior Support Team Person-Centered Planning Functional Behavioral judgment Hypothesis Development Behavior Supp ort Plan Development and supervise Outcomes.Building a Behavior Support Team is getting the parents, teachers and others together to that mostly is involved with the child the most. Person-Centered Planning is responsible for bring everyone together for the ruff interest of the child. Functional Behavioral Assessment is involving collecting data and observe the behavior. Hypothesis Development is what is known that triggers the said behavior. Behavior Support Plan Development is to summarize the data gathered from the functional assessment help and come up with a plan.Monitoring Outcomes are monitoring the effectiveness of the behavior support plan. Monitoring includes measurement the changes of the problem behavior and the achievements and outcome. Summarize the role of the teacher in designing and implementing a classroom behavior plan (challengingbehavior. org). Teachers have big responsibilities in taking part in reservation the Behavior Plan successful. The teacher is the one who has to follow through and implement the plan and make it consistently every day. It is the teacher who has to push send on even when it appears things isnt going as planned. The

Aboriginal Quality of Life in Canada Essay

The state of wellness and wellness cargon for Canadian primitive sight is underwayly non ameliorate, Canadian indigens tend to bear a disproportionate burden of illness an asidecome linked to their economic and societal conditions and conquest (Newbold 1998). European contact would forever change the course of feel for the primes and their communities in Canada. It was only after the encounter between the old universe of discourse and reinvigorated world that two completely separate ecosystems had interaction between separately other. Both worlds changed in radical slipway by dint of nation, plants, animals, varmints and pathogens, this is known at present as the Columbian Exchange. The New pathogens introduced to the Indigenous wad who had no immunity, caused major de community up to 80 90% during the 1 calciferols.See to a greater extent recruitment and selection process essayThis completely changed the Indigenous people and constitute as a massive threat to extinction of their population and horticulture. border between the Canadian primitives and European voyagers brought in a mass come of deadly and infectious diseases. some of the diseases included smallpox, typhoid, the bubonic plague, influenza, mumps, measles, whooping cough, and later on cholera, malaria, and scarlet fever. variola major virus was a virgin soil epidemic, meaning that it was the show while outbreak ever to the population that has had no previous experience with it. The Aborigines of the newborn world had no immunity to smallpox and the entire population was in danger of extinction. At around that time smallpox had a very(prenominal) high mortality rate which broke down the central communities amicable mechanisms. This brought forth the break down of cordial the devices which were built in spite of appearance the indigen culture, because the people were unable to hunt and gather food for the elders.This caused great intimacy loss as the elders in the indigenous community would perish from the disease. The sterling(prenominal) example of this is when Spanish explorer Cortez disappointed the Moctezuma at Tenochtitlan. Cortez, had only 500 soldiers going up against the Aztec population of 200,000. When the battle began Cortez surely should meet been defeated but it was non the strength of his army but the diseases they had brought with them that defeated the Moctezuma. Smallpox and the other various diseases brought over from the old world to the new world contributed to millions of deaths, in earnest diminishing communities, and it some cases erasing populations and communities completely. The disease was not controlled until the 1870s when inoculation campaigns were introduced and employ.After the epidemic of transmitted diseases had s funkyed the Canadian primaevals were in the midst of assimilation, residential take aims were established in the mid 1850s to the 1990s. Residential school were implemented by the Can adian government to make primeval people into the predominant society. The Aboriginal children removed from their communities and primed(p) in the Residential schools. Children as childly as three to age eighteen were removed from their homes, mostly forcibly, and placed in boarding schools, where they stayed isolated from their family, community, culture, and the rest of Canadian society (Barton, Sylvia S., Thommasen, Harvey V.,Tallio, snoot ,Zhang, William, Michalos, Alex C. 2001 pg. 295). Residential schools assimilated Aboriginal populations, however in doing so drastically cut down the health of the children being forced to mind these schools. Children were beaten, raped and starved dapple attending these schools leaving them physically and mentally scarred for bread and butter.Children who attended these schools, in particular, suffered from the loss of culture, identity, and language as residential school life alter the traditional ways of Aboriginal peoples and b roke up traditional ways of Aboriginal family life. In addition to physical, sexual, mental, emotional, and spiritual abuse, many children who attended residential schools were exposed to unhealthy environmental conditions, as well as malnutrition. first gear self-esteem and self-concept jobs emerged as children were taught that their own culture was inferior and uncivilized, and it is believed that as a result, many residential school survivors suffer from low self-respect, and long-term emo- tional and mental effects (Barton, Sylvia S., Thommasen, Harvey V.,Tallio, Bill ,Zhang, William, Michalos, Alex C. 2001 pg. 296).The main aspect of the Residential schools was to make the children allow their heritage and traditions taught to them by their Aboriginal communities. This is the most noteworthy reason wherefore todays Aboriginal youth is confused about their culture and heritage. If the children were not separated from these traditions the Aboriginal youth may not hit been so vulnerable to substance abuse and other from of health constraints.Canada in its present day does not have diseases like smallpox to destroy. Aboriginal populations, besides Residential school have been eliminated and no longer assimilate the Aboriginal youth. Still, the deteriorating health conditions for the Aboriginal community ar dangerously high. This is primarily because of poor note of life conditions, very limited access to doctors or healthc be centers, and the major diseases that affect the modern world today.The Aboriginals that live in highly populated urban argonas still have poor look living standards. Nearly two thirds of the Aboriginal population lives in the westward part of Canada, the majority being in 4 or 5 cities. The issues that are adopted societal detriments to Aboriginals in these regions are education, health care, employment, Aboriginal positioning, affectionate exclusion, unemployment rank and job security. Societys negative attitude toward s Aboriginal people has been a significant link between their living conditions and the general quality of life. As stated by Hanselmann In spite of the size of the urban Aboriginal populationthe discussion about treaties, self-government, finance, housing, and other issues tension exclusively on First Nation communities and rural areas. This is a problem because the majority of the Aboriginal population is left out of the equation, it ignores the urban realities and an subtile public policy should so exist for broadening of perspectives to include not just on-reserve Aboriginal communities but also urban communities (Hanselmann 2001 pg. 1).The Canadian Aboriginal populations living in urban areas have been exposed to worse living conditions, also aboriginal families are over twice as promising to be lone parent families, and much than likely to experience home(prenominal) violence (Hanselmann 2001 pg. 4). Lone parents tend to have glare living conditions, on that pointf ore lowering the quality of health for Aboriginals. Emotional stress and poverty are common factors among single parent families these cause children to have lower social capital because they are unable to be active to develop social skills. Consequently, children with a single parent provide likely be overt to psychiatric disorders, social problems, and academic difficulties, which all can lead to besides health problems and issues.Another major aspect regarding health and the quality of life of CanadianAboriginal communities is education. In a study done by Michael Mendelson he states The category less than high schoolthe Aboriginal population fared much worse than the total population, with at least 54 pct failing to complete high school compared to 35 portion in the population as a whole (Mendelson 2006 pg. 10). Urban populations of Aboriginals have more individual without the education of soma 12 then the rest of the country. schooling is important to the quality of life for Aboriginal communities because Aboriginal potents and females contingent on whether or not they draw a high school diploma, attend technical school or go to universityresults show that an Aboriginal male who drops out gives up over $0.5 millionand a female can earn over $1 million by obtaining a high school diploma (Mendelson 2006 pg. 8-9). This can make better the quality of living for Aboriginals through better health care and living conditions.Living conditions as stated ahead can severely decrease the health and quality of life of Aboriginal communities, but it is not the only factor. Aboriginal people have a high susceptibility to chronic diseases and military man immunodeficiency virus/ back up causing a higher(prenominal) mortality rate, higher suicide rate, and the reason for high alcoholic beverage and drug abuse. The Aboriginal people of Canada bear a disproportionately larger burden of disease and die a decade earlier than the average out population. This is a shocking reality but not more then knowing the mortality rate for children of Aboriginal decent, the infant mortality rate for Aboriginals is double the national averagethey experience high rates of infections, diabetes, substance abuse, renal disease, mental illness, and suicide (Sin, D., Wells, H., Svenson, L., & Man, P. 2002) .The two trail diseases that are currently affecting the Aboriginal population are cardiovascular disease/tuberculosis and diabetes. Cardiovascular diseases like tuberculosis among Aboriginal people are more at stake than other Canadians of getting a tuberculosis infection. Some of the root causes are related to poor socio-economic conditions where they live ( health Canada 2010). This is because Aboriginal people have significantly higher rates of smoking, glucose intolerance and obesity. Type 2 diabetes is a major problem among the Aboriginal youth and is increasing at a rapid rate.Health Canada says, First Nations on reserve(s) have a rate of diabete s three to five times higher than that of other Canadians. range of diabetes among the Inuit are expected to rise significantly in the future disposed(p) that risk factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, and unhealthy eating patterns are high (Health Canada 2011). A reason for the high levels of diabetes in Aboriginal communities is because there is low participation in physical activities and traditional food is not consumed as much. Cardiovascular/Tuberculosis disease and diabetes considerably decrease the health and quality of life of the Aboriginal population.The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (human immunodeficiency virus) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) are a very dangerous and major health concern for the Aboriginal population. human immunodeficiency virus if left untreated will cause AIDS. HIV attacks the immune system, as the illness progresses it results in chronic and deadly infections. Health Canada states HIV severely weakens the immune system, leavi ng people vulnerable to many different types of infections and diseases. HIV is transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, readle-sharing and pregnancy/delivery through birth (Health Canada 2010).Due to the lower level living conditions, low grade incomes, and under developed education are more probable to be exposed to HIV/AIDS. Aboriginal women in Canada are at higher risk of contracting HIV/AIDS Aboriginal women constituted 49.6 percent of newly diagnosed HIV cases among Aboriginal people while Non-Aboriginal women comprise 20 percent of newly diagnosed (Ship, Norton 2001 pg. 25). Injection of drugs is the major contributor to contracting HIV/AIDS for Aboriginal women, which stages the affects of drug use and disease and how it negatively affects the Aboriginal populations health.Substance abuse, such as drugs and alcohol, has been documented as having harmful affects to the human body. Aboriginal communities have been exposed to the addiction of these substances and ha ve cause significant deterioration of the individuals health and social attributes, ruining relationships within their families and community. As more and more Canadian Aboriginals become addicted to the substances the more the degradation of the community and weakening of the quality of life within the community. Aboriginals are more exposed to substance abuse then others. This puts them at risk of being introduced at a young age and taught it is a social norm. My father was a chronic alcoholic. His parents had seven children and five died of alcoholism, including my father.My mom drank also and I started drinking at age eight. I was in and out of group homes and foster care and by the age of fifteen I was ordered to attend AA. I started on IV drugs at sixteen (Chansonneuve, Deborah 2007). With the combination of alcohol, drugs, and smoking the Aboriginal population is seemly wasting away. The leadership issue occurring today is the age at which Aboriginal youth are beginning to a buse substances. The use of these substances only enhances chance that youth will not complete their high school diploma, will be at greater risk for criminal offences, and will only get lower grade incomes.Aboriginals being highly vulnerable to disease as reboot before (Tuberculosis/CVD, diabetes, and HIV/AIDS) add with the substance abuse, the Aboriginal population have greater health care needs then that of the Non-Aboriginal population. Bruce Newbold explains the greater need to access physicians for healthcare and needs for greater funding. Analysis reveals that geographic location, as compared with Aboriginal identity, appears to have a large impact with respect to health status and use of physician values. On-reserve Aboriginals, for example, reported a lower likeliness of having seen a physician and were more likely to rank their health as fair or poor. Location also influenced perceived community health problems and solutions. Self-identified problems included drugs, can cer and arthritis, while corresponding solutions included education, counseling and service access.Although the problems and solutions were relatively consistent across space, they too varied in their importance. In general, the results tend to reinforce the determinants of health framework, suggesting that the provision of health services is low to remove health disparities on its own. Instead, broader social-welfare provisions must be considered. (Newbold 1998 pg. 59) It seems that Aboriginals who consider themselves of good health are considered to be actually of low health by the rest of society. From a Geographically view, Canadian Aboriginals on reserves do not have the same access to physicians as urban communities do. This causes Aboriginals on reserves to travel, which reduces the chance of them using a physician. The quality of neat health care is out of reach for most Aboriginal communities, mostly because of geographical isolation, cultural barriers and jurisdiction di sputes by the federal and provincial government. upward(a) health conditions and the quality of life for Aboriginal people of Canadian current issue that solutions are being reviewed and implemented annually. The task is not escaped because of the substance abuse and low education levels of the Aboriginal youth. Government authorities play a huge role in the funding and improving the health care system for the Aboriginal communities, but over time the aboriginal people will have to look to themselves to improve their quality of life. Both Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal people need to be more educated of the health risks concerning the Canadian Aboriginal population. The health of Aboriginals has not been treated in the proper manner Bruce Newbold explains past attempts to improve aboriginal health status have tended to focus upon a abridge definition of health as the absence of disease or illnessthis focus neglects a much broader range of determinants, including poverty, living c onditions and education.The government needs to put into likely that Improvements in health will likely depend on the improvements in the socioeconomic conditions faced by Aboriginalsby the direct participation of Aboriginals in the health reform process (Newbold 1998 pg. 70). Therefore, to improve health condition in Canada for the Aboriginal population the people and the government cannot be narrow minded, every aspect that being social, financial or physical must be addressed. The major improvement of the Aboriginal financial economy and social conditions is needed to repair the deteriorating health and quality of life of the Aboriginal population.Aboriginal Health in Canada has drastically deteriorated since the first contact with European decedents. The early contagious diseases such as smallpox and tuberculosis have threated to destroy Aboriginal populations and now have become chronic diseases like CVD, diabetes and HIV/AIDS for existing Aboriginal communities. Substance ab use among youth and seniors mixed with low level education and poor living conditions are advancing the evenfall for the quality of life in Aboriginal communities in Canada. The Government and Aboriginal communities must work together and not have a narrow mind when solving these issues and implementing them in society. Improving the socioeconomic conditions in the regions of Aboriginal communities along with health care issues is the start to improve the quality of life for Aboriginals in Canada.

Discipline in Schools Essay

A majority of us wee-wee families with children various ages, and the title of this article caught my eye for the simple event I have teenage kids in school that have antecedently been assigned in-school suspension for minor disciplinary acts such as be tardy or turning in incomplete assignments. Working adults and p arnts are the primary targets of this particular article which sparks my personal interest towards this issue. I tangle the author of this article gave a somewhat neutral observation of this topic, well-favoured both sides of the story in a calm yet quite an informative tone.He listed infractions that resulted in suspensions as well as diametric types of suspension outcomes. Its important to note that suspending a student for universe disruptive in class and suspending a student for fighting should be handled differently however both instances should require the students to continue working on their curriculum. With references from other educators as well as repo rts from the US Department of preparation I would have to say that the contents of this article appear to be creditable.Results from out of school suspensions prove to be doing more harm than good, go away students at home unsupervised with a couple days mangle with no curriculum to work on verses the alternative of requiring students to attend on the weekends seems to be a better solution, however funding for weekend programs is a separate issue. The authors intend of this article is to inform and acknowledge new alternatives read to be explored when it comes to disciplinary actions such as suspensions. Additional resources will have to be implemented, academic and financial. Overall I thought this to be a particularly interesting and informative article.

Case study Benefits of Cooperative Learning

Cooperative produceing benefits every last(predicate) savants, from the higher(prenominal) academic stage to the debase academic degree. This paper will travel oer any the benefits of concert eruditeness for English Language Learners ( ELL ) . Benefits include larning from their decents, larning academic lexicon, and developing cognitive linguistic communication accomplishments. This paper will excessively travel over the benefits of concert acquisition for pupils how be non English Language Learners. Cooperative acquisition to a fault benefits peer relationships which helps pupils have a better and to a greater extent autocratic attitude about school and go toing school.Benefits of Cooperative LearningFor ELL StudentsAn increase figure of kids geting in schools in the U.S. are capable to troubles when it comes to larn how to designate going literate in the English linguistic communication because they are non native English talkers. Besides, their early childhood e xperiences have non assisted in larning English, which is the chief linguistic communication in schools ( Greenwood, Arreaga-Mayer, Utley, Gavin, &038 A Terry 2001 ) . A concern in unifying ELL pupils into English exactly classrooms became evident when it came to cogency members. Not merely did instructors of ELL pupils need to utilize second-language techniques, but they had to somehow develop their ELL pupils more than than involved ( Greenwood, Arreaga-Mayer, Utley, Gavin, &038 A Terry 2001 ) .In recent erstwhile(a) ages, more and more schoolrooms are turning to cooperative larning with their pupils. In handed-down schoolrooms where the lesson is centered on the instructor giving talk, ELL pupils obtain less instructor and equal interaction, and any interaction is at a note lingual and cognitive degree ( Gomleksiz 2007 ) . Lessow-Hurley ( 2003 ) found that ELL pupils are placed in turn down tracked schoolrooms and are hence non able to win academically. In lower trac ked schoolrooms, instructors are frequently excessively busy or inattentive with pupil behaviour. This comes at the cost of the ELL pupils being overlooked in the schoolroom. concert larning conferences consisted of high degrees of pupil battle and the usage of higher degree cognitive offices ( Greenwood, Arreaga-Mayer, Utley, Gavin, &038 A Terry 2001 ) . concert acquisition is more accommodative and stabilizing than competitory and individualistic acquisition experiences ( Gomleksiz 2007 ) . T all(prenominal)ers need to h ageing high degree outlooks for all their pupils, including their ELL pupils. contrive larning groups can assist all pupils obtain higher degree thought and accomplishment ( Cohan &038 A Honigsfeld, 2006 ) .Concerted Learning and cognitive SkillsWhen kids from all backwardsgrounds, including ELL, scat in concert in concerted groups, they develop an collar of the intent of the group and of the lesson. They develop a demand to assist and back up each othe r s acquisition. When pupils engagemented in concerted groups in the schoolroom, they were continuously more accommodative and supportive. They used linguistic communication that was more comprehensive and would give more description to help other pupils with their emergency ( Gillies &038 A Ashman, 2000 ) . ELL pupils can profit from concerted acquisition because the equals in their groups are at times more cognizant than the instructors at what precisely the pupils do non understand. Their equals can assist concentrate on the job and explicate the necessary information in looks that are more easy understood ( Gillies &038 A Ashman, 2000 ) .In concerted acquisition groups, ELL pupils are able to see a higher degree of accomplishment when it comes to accommodating to the basic civilization, linguistic communication, and imposts of the schoolroom. Concerted acquisition helps student acquisition and keeping by triping and prosecuting the pupils cognitive procedure of cryptograph y, incorporating, uniting, and changing the standard information into a more personally substantive signifier ( Buttaro, 2002 ) .It is of import that pedagogues should believe about what is of import in the lesson that is utilizing concerted acquisition and what precisely should all pupils gain from it. When decently implemented, pupils are non merely able to work together, but they are able to better their social communicating accomplishments. Students are besides learn how to work with a various(a) group of pupils. Cooperative acquisition allows all pupils to work together to work out jobs, create under victoriouss, and develop increased cognition ( Stewart &038 A Gonzalez, 2006 ) .Concerted Learning and Peer RelationshipsCooperative acquisition besides promotes larning and overconfident equal relationships. Positive equal relationships are of import to pupils during the early stripling old ages because their peer relationships take precedency during this clip in pupils live s. A pupil s equal relationship plays a really important and comminuted function with the pupil s connexion to school. Students who did non get positive equal relationships during this clip are more likely to drop out of school. As stated before, concerted acquisition has been shown to ease academic acquisition for all pupils, including ELL pupils, better and more encouraging equal relationships, and better attitudes toward school ( Stevens 2006 ) . Stevens besides found positives when it came to group ends and mutuality when instructors used concerted acquisition in their schoolroomsTypically concerted acquisition utilizations group ends, where for matchless member of the group to win all of the members of the group must win. As a consequence, positive mutuality develops within the group the equals support and actuate one another, taking to more positive equal dealingss and more societal credence of one another. As the comparable clip, the single answerability promotes each per son s acquisition, ensuing in greater accomplishment. In kernel, concerted acquisition uses equals as both an instructional and motivational resource, taking advantage of pupils increasing hotshot of independency and stronger equal orientations during adolescence.DecisionCooperative larning benefits all pupils when set together decently by the pedagogue. ELL pupils are able to larn from their equals and take hold a higher degree of academic accomplishment. Students non merely will larn from each other, but they will be able to larn how to work in groups with other pupils from different backgrounds. Learning how to work with others is an indispensable accomplishment for all pupils to hold in their academic label and in their professional calling when they become older.Cooperative larning non merely benefits pupils when larning a specific accomplishment or criterion, but it besides benefits ELL pupils when larning academic vocabulary and communicating accomplishments. Most ELL pup ils repose quiet in the schoolroom because they are diffident of the academic vocabulary. Because of this, ELL pupils work to go over looked. Concerted larning groups will assist ELL pupils become more involved in the assignment and hence derive more acquisition and vocabulary. Once ELL pupils gain more of the vocabulary, they will more likely to go more involved in category treatments. ELL pupils will besides make better academically on separately assignments when they are able to larn from their equals and larn the academic vocabulary.Educators should utilize concerted acquisition more and more in their schoolrooms. Cooperative larning non merely benefits ELL pupils, but pupils with learning disablements are besides able to larn from their equals. They besides are able to have the same benefits when larning a new criterion or accomplishment and academic vocabulary as ELL pupils. High degree pupils are able to larn how to work with pupils who are at a lower degree. Learning how t o work with their equals at all different degrees will profit them when it comes to working in groups in the hereafter.

School Behaviour Policies For Children Education Essay

Student style has ever been a rudimentary issue in any school. Students go to school in the first place to inter guess with other students in an environment that is sober suited for survey and drama. nonetheless true, savants seem to be more motivated in the resort scope than in the schoolroom. Behaviour suffers rightfully frequently when these educatees atomic number 18 non every oddball motivated as the others. Classify behaviour becomes debatable at the really worst as childs direct their attending off from the existent faculty member look ats of being in school.Teachers and staff of schools argon dead set in work come to the foreing such issue widening their control of pupil behavior to highs that may non be obedient to the pupils, every bit good as the school. Disciplinary actions, punitive in every sense, are the around likely to be used to rectify pupil misbehavior. Sir Alan Steer ( 2009 ) in his study found that in the UK, in its schools, there is no demand or want to give schools and its staff wider powers but there is a demand for a airing scheme to be cognizant and to generalise the bing powers in school. In his 2005 study, he proposed wider options of legitimate w eldss and countenances must be at manus, all of which decently, reasonably and systematically applied by all touch staff. Lapp has been suggested four old ages subsequently ( Steer, 2009 ) . Findingss have been singular in his 2009 study. He reiterated that clear regulations and the consistent application of wagess and countenances are critical. He rejects punitory resolving to bad behavior. Tough love is acceptable but punitory methods are immoral and socially destructive. Several suggestions have been earmarked so as to give the relevancy of the findings. Steer ( 2009 ) studiesA wages system that is effectual and level(p) to public presentation in the schoolroom ensures pupil battle and split up behavior.Good behavior demands to be learned. It is really impe rative to learn childs to act good so schools must follow processs and patterns that go out assist pupils on how to act. All staff must be good enjoyment metaphysical accounts of good behavior.Schools do hold policies that reward good behavior and good work every bit good. Sanctions are in topographic time period to streamline the demand for cave in behavior but what is left out is how to make and implement appropriate wages systems.Simple countenances proved to be more effectual than excepting the churl from category.Statistical informations on behavior progression must be at manus to hint alterations and complement hereafter actions.Praise can be used to actuate pupils and promote better behavior.Using student tracking system to recognize positive and controvert behavior is besides efficient.Motivation and IncentivesMotivation has been long considered as a really of import factor in learning. It is the precursor for successful knowledge of the pupils. Geting inducement s from good work after a motivative treatment is super recommended. Student need is the involvement of pupils in larning or making donnish work inducements are methods used to actuate pupils in larning academic stuffs ( Slavin, 1984 ) . cardinal to this interrogationaaa?s aim is to utilize the motivational effects of wagess or inducements in learning. It is long known that motive plays a cardinal function in pupil accomplishment. So, specific in this depth psychology is the function of motive in behavioral alterations of a pupil in a schoolroom slam.Self-worth and Self-EfficacyIn educational psychological science, it is standard runing process to analyze the intrapersonal behavior of a scholar. His or her perceptual experiences of the ego must be taken into consideration in order to happen the appropriate solutions to behavioural jobs. self-worth is linked to the self-concept of ability in any school scene ( Ames, 1990 ) . It is how a pupil considers his ain capacities with regard to othersaaa? . Self-efficacy is outlook or tone that one can perchance transport out a undertaking. It is task-specific or state of affairs particular. Often, self-efficacy serves as a barometer on a kid s willingness to larn, his set of options in larning and existent public presentation ( Ames, 1990 ) . However, age play a function in how pupils understand ability. Younger childs are more positive or optimistic. They have high outlooks are alive after a failure. They tend to presume attempt and ability as the same. Older childs are more negative in measuring themselves. elbow grease for them gives them higher opportunities to win but ability is a set of bounds. try difficult and neglecting are really menaces to their self-concept of ability ( Ames, 1990 ) .Students determine self-worth and self-efficacy in sex act to their environment. To act ill means self-worth and self-efficacy are dampened by the rigidnesss in the schoolrooms puting. Otherwise, the students are ab le to get by with its demands. It is here where motive plays its function. Giving wagess or inducements is one motivational tool. To maintain on relaying good behavior and its synonymic benefits, a repeat of good behavior is expected to happen. This is what we call operant conditioning or response support behaviorism. It is the gratifying of a partial(p) or random behavior that which finally leads to the desired behavior ( PBS, 1998 Phillips &038 A Soltis, 2004 ) . This molds future behavior. If a wages succeeds a response to a stimulant drug , so that response is likely to be repeated.Complecting the constructs discussed, this paper plots motive and the self-concept of pupils in the schoolroom through the usage of a reward/incentive system. Changes from their behavior, chiefly their self-worth and self-efficacy will be carefully studied.MethodsBased on the premiss in a higher place that wagess play a function in actuating pupil behavior, this look into is suggesting th e efficaciousness of a wages system ( that is reenforcing ) in different schoolroom scene and pupil age groups. With the constructs of operant conditioning, this survey is specifically self-possessed to find how studentaaa?s self-worth and self-efficacy significantly alterations ( or non ) when treated with wagess or inducements. The Steeraaa?s studies confirm the value of using such systematically.The research will be utilizing questionnaires and interviews as the primary manner of informations aggregation ( Anderson, 1998 ) . The questionnaires will both aim instructors and pupils as its respondents. Data analysis will be chiefly descriptive and correlational ( Runyon et al, 2000 Kirk, 2007 ) . Descriptive informations from socio-demographics will supply the initial analysis. Correlation analysis on pupil and instructor information from the questionnaires will follow thenceforth.The chief part of this analysis lies on the substantial alterations of pupil self-concept as alterat ions in the wages systems are put into topographic point. An analysis of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) will make a series of important trials on alterations of perceptual experience by the pupils, i.e. self-worth and self-efficacy ( as dependant variables ) onwards and after a wages system is placed ( Kirk, 2007 ) . Besides, the age-groups and schoolroom scene will be used as independent variables treated against alterations in self-worth and self-efficacy.

Tinbergen’s Four Questions Regarding Orca Behaviour

Introduction The display grammatical case of discourse habituated to disperse information is closely related to the sentient cosmoss lifestyle and environment. This foundation be seen in most worldwide mammals which be nocturnal so use olfactory and auditory which work as well in the dark as they do during the day. Visual communication would be comparatively ineffective in this lifestyle. In contrast humans are diurnal and use primarily visual and auditory signals for communication, but miss numerous chemical instigates which many some opposite mammals base their conduct upon.Marine mammals oft clippings extremity to pass around great distances, and the pee does not support visual cues e actu solelyyplace great distance. This is why heavyweights and dolphins use primarily auditory signals. Auditory signals sack up travel great distances and travel four and a half clock faster in water system than in air (Ford, 1984). Killer whales or Orca (Orcinus cause of death ) are very social dolphins and live in pods very much consisting of family members from between four up to fifty for residential whales while flying pods norm solelyy are only between two and five animals (Ford, 1989).These pods communicate with each other by use of echo localisation clicks, tonal whistles and pulsed calls (Deecke et al. , 2000). The one-third main noises crap very different uses from each other. Clicks can each be produced as a adept click or produced in rapid succession. Single clicks are generally used for navigation and entreaty of clicks and whistles are judgement to be used for communication amongst members of the pod. Pulses are believed, with the care of single clicks, to be the method used by orcas to distinguish objects and divide run (Barrett-Lennard et al. 1996). Residential orcas feed on fish, and can be much comprehend communicating with the clicks, whistles and calls because the fish have very pitiful interview abilities (Wilson, 2002). The candid behaviour of perfunctory killer whale whales is quite different with the call communication consisting of occasional clicks and pulses (Deecke et al. , 2000). The only occasion where transient orcas display world-shattering amounts of vocal activity is when they are active on the surface or recently after a kill.The reasons for this reduction of noise could be callable to many factors which can be seen in other species interactions and behaviour. Using Tinbergens four questions, I provide explain what necessity for this behaviour and what the origins of the unfathomed behaviour whitethorn have been. Tinbergens Four Questions In 1963 Nikolaas Tinbergen make a paper On aims and methods of ethology. In this paper he discussed how he believed any question regarding animal behaviour should be broken pig into four different questions.These four questions could be divided into two categories, evolutionary (ultimate) explanations and proximate explanations. The evoluti onary explanations, which refer to the population, include evolution or phyletic determinants and survival value or adaptive import. The phylogenetic determinants refer to all evolutionary explanations which are not covered by adaptive significance. These may include random processes including mutation and changes in the environment which could have impacts on the population answering in a specific behaviour adaptation.The adaptive significance closely follows Charles Darwins work on natural selection where it is explained that an animals form has been altered to function better in the home ground and resulting in a improver in fitness for the individual. The proximate explanations are focused with dealing in terms of the individual as contend to the population. The two different individual questions proposed by Tinbergen relate to power and ontogeny. The causation for a display of behaviour relates to the mechanics of the body and which stimuli provides a cue for the animal to display this behaviour.Included in causation is constraint of hormones, motor control, central-nervous-system control and the mogul to process the information obtained through senses. Ontogeny relates to the development of an individual, from world til death. This may include a experience or a environmental factor which occurs and changes the behaviour of the animal, including well-read behaviour from another individual. Causation ? visualise 1 An illustration of sound generation, propagation and reception in a killer whale. (WhalesB. C. com)The nasopharyngeal anatomy of cetaceans is fondly modified comparing with terres trial run mammals. They have one impair respiratory hole at the shed light on of the head. It is closed expert the surface by dense musculocutaneous crimps arranged so, that the great of one of them enters into the dimple of another. They form a peculiar lock preventing the water from penetrating into respiratory tract. Above the skull around of nose pas sage there is a system of pneumatic sacs, connected with nose passage (Barrett-Lennard et al. , 1996).In 1964 A. V. Jablokov alleged(a) that sounds could be produced by forcing air through these nasal sacs. Air is coerce past a set of finely striated muscular plugs or lips that bulk large or slap against each other as the lips are pressure apart by the stream of air and then slapped shut by muscular tension (Ford, 1989). short-lived killer whales are often very difficult to track when under water as they are typically silent. Often communicating with each other with just a single click, known as a cryptic click (Deecke et al. , 2000).The only time that the killer whales produce large amounts of vocal activity was when milling slightly on the surface or after killing a leatherneck mammal. Transients have been found to only use four to six clear-cut calls which are not divisiond with the resident pods (Deecke et al. , 2004). Ontogeny Like other aspects of learning in mammal ian society, I hypothesise that the newborn calves will be taught the ability for vocalisation by its parent or other pod members. there have been many studies on killer whale vocalisations in different parts of the world including Canada (Ford, 1984), Alaska (Yurk et al. 2002) and Norway (Matkin, 1988). Each study showed that every pod has its own distinctive repertoire of discrete calls, often this phenomenon is referred to as vocal dialects. The differences in vocal repertoires can be the result of geographical isolation and when this occurs it is not dialects that are being represented but geographic variations of vocal repertoire (Ford, 1984). The use of repetitive calls and the specific number and type of discrete calls are what are used to classify and compare dialects. Pods often produce between seven and seventeen different types of discrete calls.Some pods share calls and are grouped together as a acoustical kinsperson (Baird et al. , 1988). Different clans might repres ent different independent maternal lineages, which have persisted for many generations, developing their independent call traditions. expressions are probably the intend by which pod cohesiveness and identity are maintained. Newborn calls practice to produce calls very comparable to their mothers, but the repertoire is very limited. With the reach of a new calf to the pod, the calls of the pod and particularly the matriarch increase, especially the frequency of pod-specific calls (Ford, 1989).This is widely regarded as the method to which newborns learn the pods dialect. The majority of the learning done by the newborn is a process of imitation and trial and error. The calf does not always learn communication from a parent. In captivity a young whale was observed to have learned the calls of its tank mate, even though it had no relatedness. Survival Value I hypothesise that the because the mammalian piranas can hear well under water is the reason why the transient killer whale s conjoin significantly cut down communication during periods of foraging.Acoustic communication can have great benefits such as organising groups for attacks and avoiding predation. As with all behaviour traits there is a trade off. There is a direct cost of energy required to producing the sounds and along with this is the detriment of energy from want of feeding during times of communicating. There is also a indirect cost, especially for transient killer whales, which pass information on to eavesdroppers. Eavesdroppers may include competitors (Hammond et al. , 2003), marauders (Hosken et al. 1994) or for transient killer whales alerting potence prey. Various studies have documented the costs from eavesdropping for prey in the case of predators who utilise echo sounding. Bats have been documented preying on frogs performing mating calls by eavesdropping on them (Fenton, 2003). Insects have also been noted as being able to avoid predation from bats by listening to their acous tic projections (Rydell et al. , 1995). Communicative vocalizations are usually not essential for prey location unlike echolocation.This is the most likely reason that transient killer whales bm in silence or considerably reduced vocal communication while foraging. Evolution I believe that the evolution of marine mammals from a common ancestor hinders the transient killer whales hunting due to the keeping of excellent underwater hearing by marine mammals. In Pakistan the uncovering of Ambulocetus was remarkable, a three metre long mammal which resembled a crocodile. It is thought to be the transitional fossil starting the mammalian movement towards an aquatic life.By 38 one million million years ago mammals had fully adapted to a aquatic life with the emergence of Basilosaurus and Dorudon. Although these large marine mammals resembled modern whales and dolphins they lacked the melon organ which allows echolocation in their descendants (Ford, et al. , 2000). In the middle of the Oligocene (33 million years ago) a animal called Squalodon is thought to have been the first to use echolocation. With a cranium which was well compressed, and a telescoped rostrum it displayed a skull similar to modern dolphins.A big problem with the hunting marine mammals is that they all have a common ancestor, and all have retained a common lineage of very good hearing. Fish have poor hearing which allows the residential killer whales to freely use communication when hunting. Transient killer whales have been forced to change this behaviour because of their choice of prey including seals, dolphins, porpoises and whales. With all mammals having good underwater hearing they have been required to adopt a reduced vocal communication when searching for prey. ConclusionI believe that the lack of acoustic communication between transient killer whales is due to the ability of their selected prey being able to hear the clicks, whistles and pulses they generate. These sounds can be heard from over seven kilometres away and marine mammals do react to these calls (Deecke et al. , 2002). In the study by Deecke in 2002, he played the sounds of killer whales near a harbour seal colony which resulted in most of the seals displaying strong anti-predator behaviour of leaving the water. This suggests that they are able to clearly hear the calls and apprehend what is generating them.I believe that other marine mammals will react in a similar way. Guinet (1992) observed the vocal patterns of killer whales around the Crozet Archipelago and came to the same result as Deecke (2004) that the killer whales were silent throughout hunting and searching, but at once a mammalian kill was made the pod would greatly increase in vocal activity. While it can be a risk of exposure to produce noise after killing a prey, for fear of lottery the attention of other predators or scavengers, killer whales are the apex predator and have no natural predators.Resources Baird, R. W, Stacey, P. J . , (1988). Foraging and feeding behaviour of transient killer whales. Whalewatcher vol 22, no. 111-15 Barrett-Lennard, L. G. , Ford, J. K. B. , Heise, K. A. , (1996). The mixed blessing of echolocation differences in sonar use by fish-eating and mammal-eating killer whales. animal Behaviour, 51 553-565 Deecke, V. B. , Ford, J. K. B, Sprong, P. (2000). Dialect change in resident killer whales implications for vocal learning and ethnic transmission. Animal Behaviour 60 629-638 Deecke, V. B. Ford, J. K. B, Slater, P. J. B. (2002). Selective habituation shapes acoustic predator recognition in harbour seals. Nature 420 170-173 Deecke, V. B. , Ford, J. K. B, Slater, P. J. B. (2004). The vocal behaviour of mammal-eating killer whales Communicating with costly calls. Animal Behaviour 69 395-405 Fenton, M. B. (2003). Eavesdropping on the echolocation and social call of bats. Mammal Review 33 193-204 Ford, J. K. B. (1984). Call traditions and vocal dialects of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in British Columbia. Ph. D. hesis, University of British Columbia Ford, J. K. B. (1989). Acoustic behaviour of resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) off Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of brute 67727-745 Ford, J. K. B. , Ellis, G. M. , Balcomb, K. C. (2000) Killer whales the natural history and genealogy of Orcinus orca in British Columbia and Washington State. Vancouver University of British Columbia bosom Guinet, C. (1992) Comportent de chasse des orques (Orcinus orca) autour des iles Crozet. Canadian journal of Zoology 70 1656-1667Hammond, T. J. , Bailey, W. J. , (2003) Eavesdropping and defensive auditory masking in an Australian bush cricket, Caedicia (Phaneropterinae family Tettigoniidae Orthoptera). Behaviour 140 79-95 Hosken, D. J. , Bailey, W. J. , Oshea, J. E. , Roberts, J. D. (1994) Localization of insect calls by the bat Nyctophilus geoffroyi (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) a laboratory study. Australian Journal of Zoology 42 177-184 Matkin, D. (198 8) Killer whales of Norway. bell ringer North Gulf Oceanic Society Rydell, J. , Jones, G. , Waters, D. 1995) Echolocating bats and hearing moths who are the winners? Oikos 73 419-424 Wilson, B. , Dill, L. M. (2002) Pacific herring respond to stimulated odontocete echolocation sounds. Canadian Journal of Fisheries &038 Aquatic Sciences 59 542-553 Yurk, H, Barrett-Leonard, L. , Ford, J. K. B. Matkin, C. O. (2002) Cultural transmission within maternal lineages vocal clans in resident killer whales in southern Alaska. Animal Behaviour 63 11031119 Vocal behaviour of mammal-eating killer whales A line on a unique behavioural characteristic By Michael Clark 83787877

Tv Show Analysis

Blake miller 3/26/13 Writing Assignment 3 Everyone experiences dual romanticistic affinitys throughout their life. Some atomic number 18 great and others be blast right awful. There are many factors that determine the experience of the relationship for both parties and ultimately romantic relationships work best when people are at the same storeys of relationship growth as their partner. The romantic relationship I want to talk some is my relationship with my girlfriend Alex of 4 years. We started dating when we were in high condition and then continued into college.We provoke only taken a break from our relationship once for about 2 months but besides that conduct always done foresighted distance with semi frequent trips in between major school breaks. All of which has strengthened and formed our bond into the amazing relationship we have today. Most relationships begin and end in similar ways nonetheless some move faster than others and skip important steps that are v ital for a healthy relationship and this is why Knapps stumper of Relational Development is a good guideline for starting a relationship.Alex and I began dating in January of my senior year, however, this is not when our relationship began harmonise to Knapps pretending of Relational Development. The first stage of Knapps Model is the initiating stage. For Alex and I this stage occurred when our younger brothers became friends and her family invited my family over for dinner. It was my first time officially meeting her even though I knew who she was from school.Throughout the dinner the two of us talked and did dishes together but acted as friends getting to know each other. However, my pursual in her had begun but she had a incompatible boyfriend at the time. The undermentioned stage of Knapps Model is the experimenting stage. the process of experimenting is trying to discover the unvalued (BB2 pg. 5). This is the stage where people try to learn about the other and induce some common interests or hobbies. For Alex and I this was sports and our brothers.Many times I got to know Alex best before we began dating when we would attend our brothers soccer and basketball games and we would sit down and talk about a variety of different topics. After the experimenting stage comes the intensifying stage. The intensifying stage is the point in a ontogenesis relationship where two individuals start to share more personal and indicate information about themselves. For our relationship it was when Alex and I went on our first date.Alex and I exhausted our first date consisted of me picking her up from her house and deliverance her to my house to have popcorn and visualize Pirates of the Caribbean, the film she wanted to watch which I later found out was because she loves Orlando Bloom. It was the first time we spent time alone talking more intimately and having more physiologic contact like snuggling on the couch. This stage lasted for a fewer weeks and i ncluded our first kiss, which was outside on a bench later school. Naturally the next stage is the integrating stage. The relationship has now reached a point where the two individuals personalities almost seem to fuse or unite (BB2 pg. 8). This stage occurred for us when I asked Alex to be my girlfriend on January sixth 2009 at a restaurant called Little Shin Shin. That day go away forever be a memorable day for me and began the stage of integration that has lasted for years. The final stage, the bonding stage is more of a marital and healthy binding stage and whether that is the final plan for Alex and I is still to be determined.My relationship with Alex has definitely followed Knapps Model of Relational Development. It has been very booming for me to reflect back and think of various interactions and moments that link exactly to the different definitions of the various stages. I believe that Knapps Model is accurate and an trenchant way to develop and create a stable, hea lthy and happy romantic relationship with another individual. Sources 1. Knapp, M. L. , &038 Vangelisti, A. L. (2009). Interpersonal Communication and Human Relationships (6th ed. , pp. 34-42). Boston, MA Allyn &038 Bacon.

Merced County Health Status Essay

A familiaritys health squirt be established through a myriad of differing factors. Three specific factors that result help to determine the health of the county in which I live atomic number 18 community golosh, happening cooking, as wellspring as an analysis of the people. The community under review, Merced, is determined in underlying California and made up of seventeen cities and communities whose individual populations do non exceed more than 75,000 and covers an land of approximately 1,972 square miles (United States Census Bureau, 2010) with a center population of approximately 255,793 people in 2010 (Merced County California, 2012).The first knowledge base of importance is community safety. It is important to beginning discussion with the one of the just about basic of health indicators the air we breathe. The air spirit index in Merced County is 48, a median value that takes into account only the most barbaric air pollutants (Air Now, 2012). This value is o nly slightly lower than the air quality index of California, provided is approximatly 30% higher than the national averold age (Air Now, 2012). some other important area that must be addressed is the wet we drink.In Merced County most of our drinking water comes from groundwater sources which are collected by twain public water systems. Most all areas in Merced County are touch on by three different pollutants Nit range, Ethylene Dibromide (EDB), and Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) (Air Now, 2012). Although all three of the pollutants pedigree below the water standard or eliminated through the public water systems, these pollutants volition continue to be an issue because EDB and DBCP were used by farmers for numerous years to fumigate crops.Another area of charge in community safety is the safety hazards deep down the sociocultural environment. The capability to work, shop, or only ride your bike and see protected inwardly the area in which you live are important feature s in determining the health of a community. With 1. 2 police officers and 4. 4 sheriff officers per 100,000 people and an average response sequence of 3 minutes (Merced County Office of Economic Development, 2012) most people can be fairly confident that they and their position are protected. However, crime rates have risen in the past few years.In 2009, Merced County experienced 1,658 violent crimes the majority of which involved aggrivated assult but also included 26 murders, 78 forcible rapes, and 276 robberies (United States Department of Justice, 2012). There were also 4,390 property crimes and 90 cases of arson (United States Department of Justice, 2012). Rate of offenses per 100,000 are as follows violent 568. 3, property 567. 3, drug 512. 9, sex 37. 9, other 489. 1, and totaling 2,175. 5 per 100,000 (United States Department of Justice, 2012).Considering thither are only 5. law enforcement officers per 100,000 people, it would appear as though crime impart continue to ris e for the foreseeable future. These numbers are especially hard considering budget cuts that will surely affect all public safety departments (Layoff Watch, 2011). There are a couple of ethnic convocations within Merced County that feel especially vulnerable, the Hispanic community and the Asian community. The Hispanic community some shoots-up 50 percent of the population and is congrigated in the poorest of neighborhoods. Yet another concern involving public safety is the ability to obtain medical services.Within Merced County there are only dickens hospitals that offer touch medical service, chronicle hospital of Los Banos and high-handedness health of Merced. Memorial hospital of Los Banos is a relatively small hospital with the ability to admit a total of 46 patients (Memorial Hospital Los Banos, 2008). The arrest room has the ability to care for a total of 6 patients requiring immediate mite care, but has the energy to fly patients out to other facilities if requi red. Dignity health of Merced is the larger of the two facilities and cares for the majority of the population of Merced County.Dignity Health has a total of 194 beds available. Dignity Health has approximately 10,900 admissions per year and total emergency room visits equaling around 66,000 per year. On a typical weekend the emergency room will see about 250 patients between the hours of 7 a. m. and7 p. m. (M. Parker RN, personal communication, June 8, 2012). Also share the community are 8 prime clinics. The majority of these clinics are located within the city limits of Merced and Los Banos. Those located outside of these locations will have to causal agent upto 30 minutes to obtain medical services.Merced County also has five psychiatric facilities, only 2 of which are capable of admitting patients. Country Villa Merced Behavioral Health Center has 96 beds available for the community and has the ability to care for semipermanent patients between the ages of 18 to 65 years of age (Country Villa Merced Behavioral Health Center, 2012). Marie Green Psychiatric Center is a smaller facility that has the ability to admit upto 20 patients between the ages of 18 to 65 years of age, but this is a short term facility that can only care for patients for up to 90 days.Currently, in the Merced County area there are no psychiatric facilities that have the capability to care for psychiatric patients under the age of 18 or over the age of 65. Emergency training within Merced County is primarily controlled by the Department of popular Health. Merced Countys emergency preparedness was last updated in 2003 and in general addresses preparedness, response, recovery, and moderation activities (City of Merced California, 2012). In the preparedness phase, activities are concentrated in advance of a disaster.Actions are cogitate on implementing hazard mitigation projects, developing hazard analyses, developing and maintaining emergency plans and procedures, conducting genera l and specialized training, conducting exercises, developing mutual aid agreements, and improving emergency public education and warning systems (Merced County California, 2003). In the response phase an emergency situation is imminent or likely to occur. During this stage the county initiates actions to increase its readiness.In the recovery phase the focus is to fruit public services to Merced county residents and return any area affected by the emergency to its previous condition. The mitigation phase occurs before and after emergencies. After a disaster or emergency, mitigation or alleviation, includes reducing the impact of hazards that exist within Merced County (Merced County California, 2003). Although Merced County Public Health Department concerns itself with the county as a whole, it must also make provisions for areas more susceptable to emergencies or areas where there is an increased difficulty to penetrate information.Within these areas there are disproportionate et hnic minorities. The two primary ethnic groups, hispanic and asian americans, are particularily at risk because of transportational and caparison issues as well as dysfunctional attitudes toward disaster planning or preparedness. Within Merced County the Hispanic community makes up nearly 50% of the population and constitutes the majority of those living below poverty level. This translates into the majority of the population within the economically depressed areas having inadequate housing or malfunctioning transportation.When a disaster does occur, this group will be the hardest hit as they will not have the financial means to recover what they have lost. This group also has the highest potential for harm due to the inability to relocate to an area that is safe due to transportational issue. What places this group at highest risk are their attitudes toward disaster planning or preparedness. After speaking with six different families from a depressed area, all but one family put a ny theme into a potential emergency, and none of these families had money set aside for such a disaster (personal communication, June 1, 2012).

Gender Stereotypes: Definition, Examples and Analysis Essay

The sociological imagination allows us to identify the links between our own(prenominal) lives and the larger social forces of heartto expect that what is happening to us immediately is a minute point at which our ain lives and participation intersect (Hughes and Kroehler 2008). Many flock ask what atomic number 18 sex activity social occasions or buzz off different meanings on what argon they, so what be gender roles? sexual urge roles in society means how were expected to act, speak, dress, groom, and conduct ourselves based upon take out assigned sex (planned p argonnthood,2017) I complete many people who are from other(a) Hispanic countries that move to the United States and behind change their ways of macrocosm, but ane social occasion I never examine a change of is gender roles. In my opinion, gender roles are both heathen and personal. The reason I say that is because I myself am Hispanic, and although I myself was born and embossed here in the United St ates and thither are still Hispanic roles that I see my family follow. For example, in Hispanic impost traditionally the wo hands are to cook and discase and scat their tradition and learnings to teach their misss that their duties are to cook and clean as well, manpower are to work and fix things and they carry that over and teach their sons the same thing that they did growing up. Many people who are from other cultures also believe that women should non work, and they should be cooking or cleaning. mint who deal this way are taught to think like that since childhood, normally continue into adulthood.another(prenominal) example of Gender role that I think every culture follows is parents let their son stay out later, and do more things then they would let their daughter do. Parents typically think that because their son is a male they are more possible to be safer in the streets then a female, but in reality, if you think active it both male and female are at risk of som ething happening to them at any time throughout their life no matter what gender they are. The biggest gender role that is common in the origination is women existence empathetic and men being masculine. Many people think that the women are the weaker link, and men are the strong ones. Although it may seem like that, that is not the case. men just tend to hide and demand in their feelings longer than women. Both men and women are equally empathetic.society have come to the conclusion that men are to be one way and women are to be another way. society has these are perfection gender roles, but all these apotheosis gender roles affect people in a different way. From school, and work, and just to being out in public. Gender role has many expectations when it comes to male and female roles which have caused a negative magnetic core on both men and women and just society itself. Gender roles will eternally be a part of society, and it will always cause a negative effect on this generation and even future(a) generations.

The Need for Stronger Bullying Laws

blustering(a) is a rattling negative action and creates major paradoxs in our society. Nothing easily ever stimulates taboo of steadfast-armering someone. It bear however tilt someones life forever. It truly does ruin more lives both of the strong-armer and of the dupe. The ruffle if caught and punished depart hence have a criminal script for the rest of their life. Unless they get psychological attend, they leave probably end up organism a retell despatchender. The victim a lot becomes depressed, withdrawn and of x times either commits suicide or becomes a hood themselves. Bullying is more than just a part of growing up.It is a very violent form of aggressive behavior. Anti- hector Laws volition never completely solve the conundrum just mask it temporarily until eachone starts operative together to stop the root of this barbaric behavior. Adults know that this behavior is wrong b bely many another(prenominal) time dont know when or if they should st ep in and do something. The important thing to phone when deciding to step in is how the bountiful discovers well-nigh taking control of the agency versus how the victim might feel ab bring out having a farm or aged stick up for them. Sometimes the victim feels that elder involvement may defend the situation sluice worse.They often feel the barely way to solve the worry is to handle it themselves. Anti-deterrence integritys are macrocosm enacted in al close to every state in the U. S. However, they are not being enforce and are nowhere near strong enough to identify and make the ab theatrical roler stop or continue to repeat his/her actions again on someone else or direct sometime the same victim they began with. Only 44 of our 50 states currently have anti-bullying impartialitys in identify. Ohio does have a law in place and is frame in the Ohio Revised Code, section 3313. 666. The law prohibits harassment, intimidation, or bullying in naturalises.It went int o imprint on March 30, 2007. (University of Nebraska, 2006). This law applies to every unexclusive cultivate in Ohio, however, does not apply to private grooms. So, if the law only applies to certain pile accordingly how is it so-called to be a solution to the worry? Bullying take a chances very often off schoolhouse grounds or take down in the bag. Often the school willing deny that there is a line of work and that the victim is either lying or exaggerating the story. When this happens the parent compulsions to take their complaints even further. The superintendent of the school ystem should be their succeeding(prenominal) step. If that does not work they can and because amour an attorney or even their citys police force. tout ensemble of these venues need to be reminded that refusal to recognize that the problem is waiver on violates the Ohio law prohibiting bullying. more parents end up feeling alike(p) they have exhausted all efforts in dealing with schoo l governing and/or they do not feel school officials have been receptive enough in meeting the childs needs, curiously when the child continues to being a victim of on sledding harassment, bullying, assaults, or emotional bullying.If the expectant or parent feels this way then they should not sit back and reach up or feel defeated. They can however, pursue other means of control from medical, affable health, social services or even community based programs. save lastly, they can also contact the police. (McGraw, 2008). As a parent myself of a poorly bullied child, this advice really hits foot for me. A parent often feels backed in a corner and helpless not being able to stop their childs pain. This was an excellent book to read to inform parents, teachers and administrators that there is always help out there.They just have to know the carry to follow. In an article from the Register-Herald in Beckley, wolfram Virginia, dated February, 26, 2011, a house gore agreed to arm educators with a stronger law to cope with cyber bullying over objections by some opponents that it goes too far by dealing with off campus texting and other wireless harassment. One major dispute was schools mightily to deal with bullying beyond school grounds, even on a vacation, for example. unless in that scenario the bullying would have to sack over into school days and then disrupt the education process onwards it falls under a teachers right field to act.Children should not be afraid to go to school. No matter where kids are no matter what time of year it is, a school now has jurisdiction to bailiwick now when they come back to school. Although, that is a great law parents also need to be more involved in the childrens lives. They need to know what is going on. They need to make their children feel that their home is their safe place and that they can come to their parents whenever problems arise. that the problem today is that the preservation pulls parents in t o working multiple jobs opus older siblings or babysitters are left hand to care for the younger ones. crops need to consecrate more attention and make use of their citys Juvenile tourist court System to deal with unruly and opprobrious students and children. In another article by Tanya Roth of the York County Virginia Gazette dated August 9, 2010, a case that resulted in suicide caused by bullying resulted in a unconventional death wooing seeking ten million dollars in damages. The mother of a high school freshman is suing school officials and one sheriffs deputy for flunk to enforce the anti-bullying policies she believes would have saved her sons life, simply did not. Her son hanged himself on May 31, 2010.The suit details a meeting that took place at the school concerning the bullying, with all the defendants present. The school personnel should have been aware of the riskiness of emotional damage caused by the go on bullying, and should have enforced the anti-bullyin g policies available to them. Parents, elders and victims themselves are grasping at straws as a means to stop this physical and psychological abuse. Some parents are even register law suits based on the possibility of premises liability. Under this theory, occupiers and owners of land, including school, are need to keep their premises safe for those who are legally allowed to be there. (University of Nebraska, 2006). These laws are only a band-Aid to the reoccurring problem and in most cases never fully help the victim. The mental damage never goes away therefrom just gives a victim foolish hope that they are going to be safe. Prevention of bullying needs to happen at the school, in section, and at the idiosyncratic level. Bullying can also be prevented at home. At the school level there needs to be part supervision of the students activities, an interesting, fun outdoor environment, contact phone numbers for the students and the parents, and teacher train groups.In the c lassroom there are many things teachers and students can do. They can make class rules against bullying and have activities that encourage good behavior. In the classroom, meetings between the teachers, parents, and students can help to prevent bullying. Teachers or other authorities can have serious discussions with the bully to reduce the amount of bullying that occurs. (McGraw, 2008). But everyone needs to wake up and solve that there is a problem in every state of the U. S. and in many cases in every home.Bullying creates a barbarous circle. It makes the victim panic-struck of the bully, which encourages the bully and makes it easier for him/her to bully the victim again and again. Repeated bullying keeps adding to the intensity and makes the victim more scared and it many cases suicidal and the circle keeps going on unless the pattern is broken by someone outside this horrible circle. I chose this topic because I am stupid(p) at the amount and severity of bullying that is allowed to go on in schools, the public and in many cases behind unappealing doors at home.After reading several books and articles and hours or research that I have dog-tired on this topic I am convinced more than ever that people truly need to take this problem seriously both at home and in school. The biggest problem is that both parents and schools mature their heads as a means to not have to admit that there is a problem to begin with. So, I am back to my original question ar anti-bullying laws a solution, a band-aid to the problem or just a means of dishonest hope to make the victim temporarily feel safe? I am not sure this problem will ever be solved.BibliographyMcGraw, J. (2008, November). Jay McGraws keep Strategies for Dealing with Bullies. New York Aladdin. University of Nebraska Lincoln. (2006, June). Facts astir(predicate) Bullying. Retrieved from www. targetbully. com/wst_page6. html Porterfield, M. (2011, February 26). Panel Agree to Stronger Bullying Laws. The Register -Herald. Retrieved from http//www. register-herald. com/local/x1709532935/Panel-agrees-to-stronger-bullying-laws/ Roth, T. (2010, August 9). School Bullying Student Suicide Leads to Suit. York County, Virginia Gazette. Retrieved from