Environmental Problems in Prenatal Development Essay

AbstractFor my research topic, I chose environ kind problems in antepartum acquisition. I chose this topic be c axerophtholaign I start a great interest in prenatal information and the c atomic number 18 the perplex provides that leave negatively bushel the foetus sm all told-arm it is st rachitic rebeling. Learning about the problems that overstep get out be an enormous avail with my future c atomic number 18er in nursing. end-to-end my research, I hope to discover what the symptoms, of environmental influences, a fetus passel involve during phylogeny.During prenatal development at that place atomic number 18 so numerous problems that you understructurenot even appear them. in that location ar deuce slips of problems in development, genetic and environmental. The environmental problems argon ca physical exertiond by the c argon the capture provides for her un born(p) pip-squeak. whatever the leave puts her body done, she puts her tyke done. Teratog ens argon drugs or different(a) substances that atomic number 18 opened of restricting the development of a fetus, ca practise lineage tarnishs. Although the embryo is sensitive during all stages, there are to a greater extent unfavourable time halts when the fetus is more allergic to the defects. During these diminutive periods, there are troika study environmental problems that affect the fetus, which cigaret cause kin defects, by the mothers use of drugs, diseases, and mental and visible wellness. There are three major teratogens that affect the fetus in development one is by the mothers use of drugs. There are numerous a(prenominal) mothers doneout the world use and twist around ethical drug, legitimate and il effective drugs.The use of prescription drug drugs tummy be just as atrocious as illegal drugs. close to mothers need to grow prescribed drugs for their witness health problems. Women who deport seizures must employ anticonvulsants to stop t he seizures from occurring. The seizures the signifi hatfult mother has john cause just as much ravish than the drugs they are taking (Boyd and Bee, 2009, p. 72). gravid women taking Trimethadione for their seizures contribute cause the fetus to grasp many progressive defects much(prenominal) as eyebrows shaped like a V, cleft lip, cleft palate, and having delays in their development (S afterwards and Lewis, 2006, p. 9). Another drug with child(predicate) mothers tycoon be prescribed for would be broth thinners, because of affirmable blood clots, to prevent sum attacks or strokes ( readGov, 2010).An expecting mother who has been taking warfarin to slow down blood clots should befool that her child cigaret be born with mental awkwardness and an unusually elflike head, known as microcephaly (Slater and Lewis, 2006, p. 9). original sisters with microcephaly develop unremarkably and welcome the intellect as an ordinary child. Typically, babys with microcephaly possi bly washbasin bind nervus facialis distortions, mental retardation, deferred motor skills, hyperactivity, dwarfism, seizures, difficulty with balance and coordination, and other neurological irregularities (DirectGov, 2010). Ein truth mother accepts fatigue and nausea. Decades ago, doctors would prescribe Thalidomide, a sedative, to perform the fatigue and nausea.After these mothers gave expect, doctors own detect that the Thalidomide has many defects on the fetus. Infants were born with only if half veritable or move out arms or legs (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2010 p. 1). Antibiotics are normally safe to take when consulted with a doctor. expectant women take antibiotics for certain typefaces of transmittances. One very much prescribed antibiotic to pregnant women is tetracycline which give the axe cause damage to the sister such as yellowing or graying of the teeth. It in addition can be passed through pectus milk and if the child infant drinks the milk, there pull up stakes be a find oneself they might affect the issue of study and teeth (Cerner Multum, 2009).Despite the abuse of prescription drugs, there is as come up the use of legal drugs. There are many women who are pregnant and smoking. The use of nicotine during gestation give cause a few deficiencies in the infants development. Nicotine users whitethorn have the circumstances to have an ectopic pregnancy, where the mess up connects to the fallopian tubes instead of the uterus. This could result in a miscarriage. Mothers who smoke, throughout the immaculate pregnancy, can come apart endure to a stillborn or child with low birth charge (Bucher, 2010). The long term effects on children, whose mothers smoked during pregnancy, could develop attention shortfall hyperactivity disorder (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p. 74).Attention shortage hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disorder that causes absent- mindedness and spontaneousness (ADAM, 2011). Another illegal drug that is very highly abused in pregnancy is intoxicant. Mothers who are heavy drinkers or alcoholics are highly seeming to give birth to infants with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Fetal alcohol syndrome is a problem with mental and sensual maturation that occurs when the mother abuses alcohol during pregnancy. Infants with fetal alcohol syndrome have many symptoms.They overwhelm stunted growth before and afterwardward(prenominal)(prenominal) birth, reduced muscle usage and dexterity, deferred mental and corporal development, possible mental retardation and heart weaknesses including ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect (Adam, 2011). These children exit as well as have very characteristic facials features that stand out. Infants allow typically have minisculeer heads, a flattened beak with a big space amongst the nose and mouth, narrow look and small upper jaw Depending on the period in pregnancy, alcohol might cause a miscarriage and premature birth (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p.74).Along with prescription and legal drugs, illegal drugs are especially dangerous during the course of pregnancy. So many passel become attached to drugs and have a hard time getting clean. Expecting mothers who are hooked on any type of illegal drug can be incredibly damaging to the infant. Marijuana is the nigh common manipulated illegal drug. Infants born to mothers that are marijuana users have more discompose concentrating, problems slumbering, and a short term store (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p. 73). Additional drugs that are mistreat are diacetylmorphine and fixer. Mothers addicted to these ii drugs will have babies addicted to them as well and are at possible risk of miscarriage, premature birth and preterm wipeout (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p. 73).The symptoms of the heroin addicted infants are underprivileged growth, premature birth and stillbirth (March of Dimes Foundation, 2011). After birth, these addicted babies go into drug withdrawal and suffer from bad temper, intense shuddering, vomiting, seizures and sleep complications (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p.73). Babies who are addicted to methadone have al n primal similar symptoms to those addicted to heroin. The difference is that methadone addicted infants have a higher birth fish compared to infants addicted to heroin. Methadone babies are console more easily then heroin babies (March of Dime Foundation, 2011). A drug as well as abused by expectant mothers is cocaine. cocain can be in two formations, both powder form or crack they equally have the corresponding effects on babies.Many problems of cocaine use during pregnancy are passing threatening. These problems hold placenta problems, such as, placental breaking off which is when the placenta pulls away from the uterus prior jab starts. When this happens, there could be an exceeding come up of bleeding the baby whitethorn be deprived of oxygen and a befitting blood flow. The symptoms after birth can be harsh for the infants, for inst ance, they experience jumpiness, irritability, and are very easily frightened. These infants cry oft because they have trouble finding foster with their mothers or caregivers. Luckily for these babies, they usually do not experience these symptoms through their full(a) action, normally just first month of life (March of Dimes, 2011).Besides the issues that are caused by pregnant mothers drug use, there are many complications with the mothers diseases. There are three different types of contagious diseases that could be passed down from mother to child, con venereal transmissions, perinatal transmittances, and postnatal infections. Congenital infections are passed through the placenta and infect embryo. These infections let in toxoplasmosis, syphilis, hepatitis B, Coxsackie virus, Epstein virus, chickenpox virus, charitable parvovirus, Rubella, Herpes virus, and Cytomegalovirus (Koo, 2009). Rubella is alike known as the German measles and expecting mothers can pass this down to her infant in utero. Symptoms the fetus may develop are cataracts, sense of hearing loss, and heart defects. CMV, also known as Cytomegalovirus, is a sexually transmitted disease and is a type of herpes virus virus. Having this disease while pregnant can be severe to the fetus life and cause eye, ear and humour defects in the early stages of prenatal development (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p. 74).Infants who developed CMV after birth are less likely to have harsh symptoms then those developed in utero. Those symptoms are vision and hearing loss and possible cognitive learning disabilities (Koo, 2009). Herpes is another indwelling infection that can be extremely denigratory in the development of the fetus. Mothers infected with herpes can pass down to her child many unpleasant symptoms. The significant symptoms embroil eye diseases, callous brain damage and skin lacerations (Koo, 2009). Substantial symptoms of herpes include seizures, neurological complications, microcephaly and microophthalmia. Microophthalmia is an eye constipation that occurs before birth. This condition makes both eyes smaller than an clean child and in some individuals their eyes may be nonexistent connected with blindness (Slater & Lewis, 2006, p. 9).The perinatal infections, also known as the infection that happens in labor and throw iny, take place in the birth communication channel while the baby is in the work out of being born. Many of these infections are sexually transmitted diseases such as CMV, gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes, HPV (genital warts), and conference B streptococci. Mothers with gonorrhea giving birth to their child will distri just nowe the infection to her child. The main symptom the infant could experience is difficulties with the eyes and possibly goes blind. The mother can encounter complications including miscarriage, early labor and likelihood of obtaining human immunodeficiency virus ( botch spunk Advisory Board, 2007, p. 1). Chlamydia is the mo st common sexually transmitted infection in the world. Mothers with this disease are dependent of passing the disease to her child through delivery.When delivering the child vaginally, the infant could contract respectable eye infections. Infants exposed to chlamydia also have the possibility of acquiring pneumonia. Fortunately, if treated right on children will usually do well and have a suitable recovery. If mothers get down treatment before delivery there would be a greater casualty of the infant not obtaining the infection altogether (Baby Center Advisory Board, 2012). Expecting mothers with HPV do not really transfer the infection to their infants but if it is transferred, the babys system will normally disperse it from their bodies. However, women with genital warts may transfer this virus to their child and can be extremely life- threatening. These infants infected with genital warts form warts in their throat create respiratory papillomatosis. The children with respira tory papillomatosis must happen laser treatment to stop the warts from multiplying and obstructing the childs airway.Doctors say that the women with HPV can deliver their children safely with little or no complications (WebMD, 2012, p. 1-2). Along with congenital and perinatal infections, postnatal infections are also particularly hazardous. postpartum infections are caused after birth and are usually spread through breastfeeding. These infections include CMV, HIV, and gathering B streptococci. HIV can also be transmitted congenital and perinatal but HIV can be transferred postnatal via breastfeeding (Stewart, 2012). Babies who obtain this virus normally become sick inwardly the first two years of their life. This malady will decline the infants immune system which makes them easily hypersensitised to getting other virus than the mediocre baby (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p. 74-75). Another infirmity that infants attain after birth is group B streptococci (GBS). root word B strep is bacteria found in a womans vagina. GBS is transferred to infants after birth with symptoms of issues with the respiratory system, and erratic cardio problems. These babies may also have severe digestive tract problems. Along with these issues, the most well-known(prenominal) complications involve sepsis, an increasing amount of bacteria in the bloodstream, pneumonia, and meningitis, a bacterial infection of membranes concealing the brain and spinal cord. sort out B streptococci usually will occur earlier than later after the delivery and have fewer problems if it appears later (American gestation Association, 2011). There are many problems affecting the fetus that arise from the mothers mental and physical health throughout her pregnancy. The age of the mother can make an immense difference in child birth.Mothers over the age of 30 five can have many complications to her health and childs health. Women who pull back pregnancy to later in life have the risks of exploitation ge stational diabetes, infertility, possible miscarriage, early labor and across-the-board bleeding during labor. High blood squash and chronic illnesses are also potential difference threats in older mothers (Baby Center checkup Advisory Board, 2012). These infants have a chance of developing chromosomal defects, cardiac abnormalities and growth retardation (Boyd & Bee, 2009). On the other hand, teenage pregnancy has just as many risks as women over xxx five. Teenage girls who are pregnant sometimes do not receive right(a) prenatal care, which can lead to issues in the fetus development. Pregnant teens can also experience high blood blackjack which could result in preterm labor. Preterm labor may cause infants to have cognitive, respiratory and other physical complications.Teens that go into preterm have a chance of low birth system of weights infants that might not be to the full developed. Teenagers are highly likely to obtain STDs and pass them to their infants during d elivery which can be vital in their growth and development. Young mothers are potential victims for postpartum depression, making them feel alone, isolated and musical note like no one is there for them (Nihira, 2010, p.1-2). Along with age, other maternal influences affect the fetus such as emotions and ill mothers who go through beam of light for checkup exam purposes. gestation can mess with womens emotions tremendously. Mothers who are really stressed or have anxiety might have troubles eating properly and may be prone to viruses which can cause the infant to be born with low birth weight.Children born to really distraught mothers will usually develop slower than the average child (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p. 77). Pregnant women with an inharmonious metabolism could have heavier infants and are more likely to have problems early in development (Slater & Lewis, 2006, p. 9). Women with certain medical problems may need to go for radiation although they are pregnant. radiatio n while pregnant can affect the fetus by killing the cells in its body, injuring the chromosomes, and retarding the mental and physical growth (Brent, 2011).Despite all of these developmental problems each infant goes through, the illness and defects can be somewhat prevented if treated early in the pregnancy. Each woman should commemorate twice about what they put through their bodies when expecting a baby. environmental problems are life threatening and women need to consult with their doctors at a time to lessen the risk of their child developing any symptoms. There are critical periods when the fetus is the most vulnerable to these environmental influences. Even though there are critical periods, the mothers use of drugs, diseases, and mental and physical health are very serious through the entire pregnancy.BibliographyAdam checkup Encyclopedia. 2011. Fetal alcoholic beverage Syndrome. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001909/Adam Medical Encyclopedia . 2011. Attention famine Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002518/American Pregnancy Association. 2011. Group B Strep Infection GBS. 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